Vocabulary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vocabulary - Assignment Example First, the teacher will make sure that the students sit at the front of the class, where they can hear as much as possible of what the teacher is saying. Secondly , the teacher will speack with as high voice as possible and thirdly, the teacher will speack to the students individually, to confirm that they have heard and understood what is being talked about and what is expected of them. The teacher will explain to the students that they will take a test on their sentence construction skills to see how good they are in creating sentences with vocabulary. The teacher will explain the significance of this test and explain to the students that they will then get to learn how to construct senstrnces and have a retest. The teacher will explain what is about to be done by the student. The teacher will also give a brief background so that the student can connect what they have learnt in the past with what they will learn in this particular lesson. To begin with, the teacher will introduce the book as follows; Today we have a new chapter that we are going to learn. The topic is interesting and everyone is going to enjoy this. In the past, you guys learned about English vocabulary and even learned the meanings of these vocabulary. Today, you are going to use these vocabulary to build sentences. This should be interesting for you because sooner than you know, you will be writing interesting stories. The book we are going to read is not new to you but the chapter we are going to read may be new to you. I dont know whether any of you have tried to read ahead of the teacher and gone to chapter seven of 2nd Language Acquisition and the Younger Learner? (wait for the class to respond and act accordingly) After that, the teacher will ask the students to open chapter seven of the book, where the teacher will give a number of examples on how to construct senstences, and then ask the students to do the same. The teacher will explain to the students the

The China Decade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The China Decade - Assignment Example What is more, the article also looks at the issue of state censorship which is very much in place in China, and the effects that this has on the government’s initiatives, especially in light of the large population that is online. As an example, the article pinpoints the blast as an illustration of an instance where the government tried to use censorship to hide free information flow. Nonetheless, the population is savvy enough and constantly finds ways of avoiding the censorship and getting online. The article follows a logical organization pattern, starting off with a foundation in the Tianjin explosion, before building on this and looking at the various economic factors that resulted from the explosion. From this point, the article continually develops on facts and issues one after the other, evaluating the economic implications of each factor that is analyzed. The author then looks at the importance of domestic consumption for the nation, and the reasons why the slightest shifts in national factors result in widespread discontent that ultimately affects the overall economy. This is particularly important since the nation is heavily reliant on exports as the main factor for economic growth. The author also alternates between highlighting positive points that give China an edge over other economies, and emphasizing those points that are limiting its economic growth. One is able to get a neutral position of the situation in China, and this gives a better perspective for gaining insight from the entire article.

Wireshark Network Protocol Analyzer Information Technology Essay

Wireshark Network Protocol Analyzer Information Technology Essay Todays networks are typically very stable. The problem is they arent static. Management and users are constantly demanding new technologies, new services, and better performance, which inevitably require changing infrastructure, deploying new applications, and dealing with security. And in the process network administrator needs to control IT costs and minimize disruption to the organization and also need to be able to clearly see all aspects of network to accurately assess the impact of adding new technologies and services and to make sure it is delivering maximum performance. And now-a-days there are wide variety of software and hardware products available that help network system administrators manage a network. Network management covers a wide area as well as local area network which mainly based on three different principles, which are : Performance: reduce blockage in the network. Reliability: keeps the network and the services that the network provides up and available for all the users .It includes monitoring the network to spot problems as soon as possible, ideally before users are affected. Security: Makes the network protected from unauthorized users and outside world. Functions that are execute as part of network management accordingly include controlling, planning, allocating, deploying, coordinating, and monitoring the resources of a network, network planning, predetermined traffic routing to support load balancing, cryptographic key distribution authorization, configuration management, fault management, security management, performance management, bandwidth management, analytics. There are a variety of network monitoring tools available in the market to be used depending on the size and requirements of the organisation. OBJECTIVE The intention of this report is to have a in depth study and estimation of network management tools that allow us to observe and manage the performance and function of networks effectively and efficiently, to produce a short report detailing the benefits of implementing Network Management. The tools which have been used in this report are Fluke Protocol Inspector, Wireshark network protocol analyzer, SNMP Browser Utility and Network inspector. FLUKE OPTIVIEW ANALYZER AND WIRESHARK NETWORK PROTOCOL ANALYZER A network protocol analyzer is a vital part of a network administrators toolkit. Network protocol analysis is the truth serum of network communications. If you want to find out why a network device is functioning in a certain way, use a protocol analyzer to sniff the traffic and expose the data and protocols that pass along the wire. Fluke and Wireshark network protocol analyzer offers insights into what is happening not only over the WAN, but also on the local area network (LAN) at each location. Information pertaining to traffic flows, protocols, and even individual data packets can authorize the IT organization responsible for the network to keep it operating at peak performance. Fluke and wireshark are tools to admin computer networks and they helps in monitoring and troubleshooting the network. In addition, they also helps in observe the status of devices, errors, warnings, and changes. Fluke and wireshark, the network analyzers are fast performing and compatible with almost eve ry operating system of windows. To observe the activities and the performance of these network analyzer program, a small network has been assembled: Figure 2.1 TEST NETWORK The minimal equipment for using Protocol Inspector/analyzer to observe the performance and applications of a network properly, is made up of two routers, two switches and two hosts. A class B addressing scheme has been used on the network. Two routers namely R1 and R2 respectively represent two different sites. R1 is using 172.17.0.1/30, R2 is using 172.17.0.2/30 and both the routers are connected through 172.17.0.0/24. To make easily understand only two users have been used. User1 and user2 are respectively on 172.17.1.100 and 172.17.2.100. Summary View of Fluke OptiView Analyzer The program opens in the Summary View. This view shows several windows used by the tool. The Resource Browser window in the upper left corner shows the only monitoring network device. The Monitor View, which is in the main window on the upper right, monitors one resource per window in a variety of viewing options. The Stop (red colour tab) in the upper-left corner of the Monitor View window confirms that no monitoring is occurring. Figure 6.1 Start the Monitor / Capture process To start the monitoring / capturing process, use the Start button or Module -> Start from the menu system. The Utilization chart should start showing activity like the graphic below: Figure 6.2 The word ARM(green colour tab) should appear where Stop had been before. If opening the Module menu, notice that Stop is now an option while Start is muted. The tabs at the bottom of the window show the resulting data in a variety of forms. Click on each and note the result. Transmit (Tx), Alarms, and Alarm Log will be blank. The following is the Received (Rx) frames, which indicates that Broadcast and Multicast frames are being received, but they may not show any Unicasts. Figure 6.3 Using the console connection to the router, ping the monitoring host, and notice that Unicast frames appear. Unfortunately, the errors shown in the third column will not appear in the lab exercise unless a traffic generator like the Fluke Networks OptiView product has been added. Now ,for the Detail View window click on the Detail View button in the toolbar or double click anywhere on the Monitor View chart. This will open a second window that should look something like the following, after maximizing the Utilization / Errors Strip Chart (RX) window. In a detail view there are few options we can see : MAC Statistics Frame size distribution Protocol Distribution Host Table Network Layer Host table Application layer host table Host matrix Network layer matrix Expert view MAC STATISTICS Mac Statistics tells us about the module type and speed used on the system. It provides important information like Network utilization, total bytes of data received. It also provides the different types of frames travelling across the network. Figure 2.2 Mac Statistics As shown in Error: Reference source not found, the total numbers of 1,555 frames were received. Further more there were 152 broadcast frames, 322 multicast frames and 1,081 unicast frames sent over the network. There were no errors found and a total of 122,453 bytes of data was received with an effective 0.003% network utilisation. FRAME SIZE DISTRIBUTION Frames on a network are classified according to size. Frame size distribution tells us the frames across the network and their size. Figure 2.3 FRAME SIZE DISTRIBUTION The picture above shows the frame size distribution over the test network. On the basis of size frames have been classified in to 8 different categories. The maximum average frame size is 65-127. PROTOCOL DISTRIBUTION Protocol distribution tells the number of protocols operating over the particular network and also at what percentage a protocol is working in terms of transferring data. Figure 2.4 Protocol Distribution The figure above shows different types of protocols on the network and the percentage of each protocol on the right of the graph and on the left side are different tabs, by clicking on each one of them an individual percentage of each protocol can be monitored. HOST TABLE Host table gives us a picture of the traffic generation on the network and the MAC address of the devices receiving the traffic. It tells us the maximum traffic host and the minimum traffic host. Figure 2.4 HOST TABLE In the picture above it shows percentage of traffic based on the number of frames coming in to the host. On the right hand side it shows the MAC addresses of the different hosts. It also tells us about the broadcast and the STP traffic. NETWORK LAYER HOST TABLE The Network Layer Host Table tells us about the packets, errors and bytes for each station at network layer. It allows decoding the packets based on their network layer address. So it helps the network managers to troubleshoot at the host level. Figure 2.5 NETWORK LAYER HOST TABLE The figure above shows the packets coming in to the hosts at the network layer based on their IP addresses. It also tells us that there are 5 IP hosts and no IPX hosts on the network.  [1]   APPLICATION LAYER HOST TABLE Application layer host table tracks packets, errors and bytes on an application specific basis. It traces packet activity of a particular application. It helps network managers to monitor bandwidth utilization on the network. Figure 2.6 APPLICATION LAYER HOST TABLE The figure above shows the operation of the different applications by the host. It shows the usage of the bandwidth in percentage by each application. HOST MATRIX Host Matrix shows the communication between two or more MAC addresses/ hosts. Hosts could be talking to more than one host at the same time which can be defined by the graph below: Figure 2.7 HOST MATRIX Figure 2.7 shows different hosts communicating to each other and at what percentage they are sending and receiving data on the network, which helps an engineer in bandwidth allocation to various hosts on the network. NETWORK LAYER MATRIX Network Layer Matrix shows the total data packets between a pair of systems by the network layer protocol. It shows the protocol specific traffic between the hosts. Figure 2.7 NETWORK LAYER MATRIX The figure above shows the conversations between the different pair of hosts. It shows the communication between two IP addresses and their bandwidth utilization. EXPERT VIEW Expert view shows different kinds of data capturing on the network on a single screen where the network engineer can monitor the user activities to make the network more responsive and reliable. Figure 2.8 EXPERT VIEW OVERVIEW Figure 2.9 Expert View of Data Link layer Figure 2.10 EXPERT VIEW OF SESSION LAYER Figure 2.11 EXPERT VIEW OF NETWORK LAYER The figures above show the output of different layers of OSI model. It also shows the protocol distribution across the network and utilisation of the different applications for file transfers like HTTP, ARP and others. It also identifies errors and any broadcast or multicast on the network. PROTOCOL OPERATIONS Network inspector tool is also used to investigate the operation of different protocols like; ICMP TFTP TELNET DHCP RIP/OSPF/IGRP ICMP (internet Control Message Protocol) ICMP stands for Internet Control Message protocol. It is one of the very important internet protocols, it is used by the a network administrators to monitor network connections ICMP SUCCESSFUL PING ICMP is the tool used to check the connectivity also known as PING (Packet Internetwork Gropper) which sends and receives echo request. PING successful means that device is in a reachable distance, when host receives the echo request it reply to it this means the destination is reachable. This process is explained in the figures below Figure 0.1: ICMP ECHO REQUEST Figure 0 .1 shows it is an Echo request by the host 192.168.2.2 to the destination 192.168.1.2 all across the network. Figure 0.2: ICMP ECHO REPLY The Echo reply to the request is shown in the figure above. It is clearly visible that the 32 bit data packet was sent to the host 192.168.1.2 and the source 192.168.2.2 sends it as a reply the host 192.168.1.2 as the same 32 bytes which means no data was lost and both can communicate without loosing any data. ICMP PING TIMEOUT Another common message while trying to ping a host or address is Ping Timeout. Ping times out when destination IP address does not exist, network inspector displays the following result for ping time out. Figure 0.3: REQUEST TIMED OUT Figure 0 .3 shows that when the engineer tries to ping an address which does not exists on the network, ARP protocol broadcasts this request with MAC address FFFFFFFFFFF to find the destination address, but when it does not get any response because the address is not there on the network the Ping Request, Times out after some time. ICMP NETWORK UNRECHABLE Network Unreachable means the network which we are trying to reach is not available for communication. This could happen due to numerous reasons, if the interface is down for some reason, if in case of using RIP it is at a distance more than 15 hops from the source or if the destination address does not exist in the routing table of the router. Fluke network inspector helps network manager to find the reason behind the network failure as explained in the figures below n Figure 0.4: ECHO REQUEST FOR THE IP ADDRESS OUTSIDE THE NETWORK ADDRESS Figure 0.5: DESTINATION UNRECHABLE REPLY Figure 0 .4 explains a network engineer sending an Echo Request to the address 192.168.3.1 which is not within the network and Figure 0 .5 shows if the address is not on the network or routing table of the router it sends a message Host Unreachable. ICMP Ping Time Out is different from ICMP Ping Network Unreachable because when the host sends a data to an address, it then waits for the reply from the destination. If after some time the reply does not come back this means the data is going to the destination address but cannot receive any updates or data from that destination, it displays the message Request Timed out. On the other hand when host sends data to the address which does not has not entry in the routing table of any of the routers, the data will not be sent anywhere and the message comes out as Destination Host Unreachable TFTP TFTP or Trivial File Transfer Protocol is very easy and simple to implement as it takes very less memory. It is a connectionless service that uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol). It is faster than FTP. It is used on routers, switches and some hosts that support TFTP for the purpose of transferring the file. Figure 0.6: TFTP FILE COPYING Figure 0.7: TFTP In the above figure it is clearly visible that the source port is 56882 and destination port is 69 which is used for (Trivial File transfer). This diagram also proves that TFTP uses UDP to transfer of files along the network. In the second portion TFTP is captured where it shows the file transferred is sdm-config. TELNET Telnet is a utility to access a device remotely over the network. It can be used for many purposes. Telnet works with TCP/IP. Whenever we access a device remotely, a connection has to establish using a Three Way Handshake process. ESTABLISHING A TELNET SESSION Synchronization between hosts is done by an exchange of connection establishing segments that carry SYNs. The Synchronization requires each side to send its own (ISNs Initial Sequence Numbers) and to receive a conformation of it in an Acknowledgement (ACK) from the other host. Each host also receives each others ISN and send a conformation as ACK this process is called a Three Way Handshake THREE WAY HANDSHAKE Host A send its ISN (Seq = X) to start the session, it is received by the Host B who then send its own ISN (Seq = Y) and also sends (ACK = X+1) to Host A, when Host A receives the ACK it do the same as Host B adds 1 to the ISN received and send (ASK = Y+1) back to the Host B which establishes the TELNET session (see Figure 0 .72). Sends SYN SEQ = Y ACK = X + 1) Host A Host B Sends SYN (Seq = X) Receive SYN (Seq = X) Receive SYN SEQ = Y ACK = X +1) Sends ACK (ACK = Y +1) Receive ACK (ACK = Y +1) Figure 0.72: THREE WAY HANDSHAKE Diagram taken from CCNA 1 2 Companion Guide Figure 0.8: THREE WAY HANDSHAKE Figure 0 .8 shows the Three Way Handshake. Each host sends an ISN and in reply other host add 1 to it and sends it back as an acknowledgement. Fluke Network Inspector allows network administrator to see this process and monitor any unauthorized attempts. Figure 0.9: FIRST STAGE OF THREE WAY HANDSHAKE In Figure 0 .9 Client sends the request to synchronise its ISN to the telnet server, it then specifies its initial sequence and adds 1 to it. Figure 0.10: SECOND STAGE OF THREE WAY HANDSHAKE Figure 0 .10 shows that the ACK packet has been sent back to the host and at the same time another packet for its SYN has also been sent to establish a connection. Figure 0.11: THIRD STAGE OF THREE WAY HANDSHAKE Figure 0 .11 shows that the server just now received a packet from the host and the connection is now established between them for further more data transfers. DATA CAPTURING Fluke network inspector helps network manager to monitor and capture the data being transferred between the devices once the telnet session is active, though it can be a lengthy process to see the whole data but it can be really helpful in troubleshooting typical problems. Data is captured in only one letter at a time which can be seen in the following diagram. Figure 0.12: DATA CAPTURING In the figure above letter I has been captured which is a part of password while accesing the device remotely. Thus Fluke tool helps network engineer to monitor each and every bit of data travelling across the network. . Figure 0.13: LOGGED ON THROUGH TELNET Figure 0 .13 shows the successful remote log on to the router R2. Now here all the data transferred will be captured by the Fluke tool inspector. TERMINATING A TELNET SESSION Terminating a TELNET connection is a must for security reasons. It again takes Three Way Handshake process. This process can be monitored in Fluke Inspector as we will see this in the diagrams below (see Figure 0 .14). Figure 0.14: FIRST STAGE TERMINATION In Figure 0 .14 the request for the termination of the session has been sent, next figure will show the acknowledgment received by the server. Figure 0.15: SECOND STAGE TERMINATION In Figure 0 .15 server receives the request and sends an acknowledgment for the termination of the session. Figure 0.16: THIRD STAGE TERMINATION Figure 0 .16 shows the third and the last stage of terminating the telnet session. LIMITATIONS OF TELNET TELNET is not very secure process as it is over the internet and the data is not encrypted which can be easily hacked and the information can be lost. Secondly TELNET involves TCP/IP only, and hence is not compatible with other protocols. Unauthorised users can on to log on to the network and can damage the configuration files, which can affect the performance of the network and can result in less reliable network. To prevent this remote access can be restricted to certain ports so that only authorised individual can log on remotely which helps in reducing the chances of and intrusion on the network. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) DHCP allows hosts on the network to obtain an IP address dynamically. Network engineer configures a DHCP server for the network defining a pool of IP address to be allocated to a particular range of hosts. Whenever a host requests an IP address, server automatically assigns the address. When a DHCP client comes online it sends a DHCP Discover broadcast message. After sending a DHCP Discover, client moves into a select state. Client then takes the offer from the DHCP server, it then receives the first response and sends the DHCP Request packet and asks for how long it can keep that address without renewing it, then server acknowledges the request and sends DHCP ACK packet. At this stage the client gets into the bound stage and starts using the IP address. The flow chart below (see Figure 0 .17) describes the whole process. Clint Boots Initialize State Select DHCP ACK DHCP Request Request DHCP Discover Bound Figure 0.17: FLOW CHART FOR DHCP Diagram taken from CCNA 1 2 Companion Guide DHCP DISCOVER Protocol Inspector tool can be used to monitor the whole process step by step. Figure 0.18: DISCOVER Figure 0 .18 shows the client has been discovered by a DHCP server by its broadcast. At this point it does not have any IP Address. DHCP OFFER DHCP server makes an IP address offer to the client. Figure 0.19: DHCP OFFER In Figure 0 .19 an offer made by server to accept 192.168.2.3 as an IP address. CLIENT REQUEST A request from the host is sent to the DHCP server for an IP address Figure 0.20: DHCP REQUEST In Figure 0 .20 host negotiates for the lease time for the IP address offered by the DHCP server. DHCP ACKNOWLEDGMENT DHCP server then sends an acknowledgment packet. Figure 0.21: ACKNOWLEDGMENT Figure 0 .21 shows the IP Address 192.168.2.3 has been accepted by the client as new IP address. DHCP RELEASE DHCP server issues an IP address to the client which can been seen in the Figure 0 .22 Figure 0.22: DHCP RELEASE RIP (Routing Information protocol) The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol used in local and wide area networks. As such it is classified as an interior gateway protocol (IGP) using the distance-vector routing algorithm. Devices running RIP sends the information of all the connected devices in the network every 30 seconds to keep the network reachable and connected. RIP has two versions. Fluke network inspector tool tells about the connected routers and the hops, with there IP address. All this information is very useful in troubleshooting. Figure 0.23: RIP ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL Figure 0 .23 explains the routing process. It shows that the port used for routing is UDP 17. Only two routers are connected to each other. It also tells us which version or RIP is running and at what distance both router are as in HOPS COUNT as visible the first one is 1 Hop far from the host and second one is 2 Hops from the host it sends the routing information every 30 seconds. Another thing is that RIP can only support 15 Hops per network. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) This protocol operates at the network layer of the OSI model where it exchanges the management information among the devices installed in the network. It is very clear from its name that this protocol is used to manage network devices such as routers, Switches Hubs, modems, and systems. It is used to monitor different user activities over the network. SNMP helps network engineer to monitor and identify any faults on the network and helps to solve these problem for better connectivity. A network managed by the SNMP consist of the following Managed devices: Devices used on the network such as Routers, Switches Hubs, modems, systems and servers etc. Agents: Agent is software which is used to operate the managed devices. Network-management systems: They provide the processing and memory required for the network management, there can be one or more network-management systems on a managed network GETIF UTILITY The SNMP operation can be monitored by the network engineer with the use of Protocol inspector and a utility called OPTIVIEW using a freely available browser utility called GETIF. GETIF is a network tool which is based on windows GUI; it is very helpful to gather the graphical information of SNMP devices. It provides information like Parameters, Interfaces Connected, Routing Tables, Trace Route and Network length. . GETIF PARAMETERS After loading up the GETIF utility type in the router IP address in the host name box of the parameter window the result will be as following. Figure 0.24: GETIF PARAMETER In Figure 0 .24 it is shown once the router IP Address has been typed in and START button has been pressed in the Parameter Tab of GETIF utility, it gives us the information like the router name and IP Address, router description, and also shows the SNMP port number which is 161. SNMP GET Fluke network inspector tool can be used with GETIF utility to see the data retrieved from SNMP agent. To retrieve this information select MBrowser tab on the GETIF window and then select the SNMP option from the graphical tree, it gives us all the required information shown below. Figure 0.25: SNMP GET SNMP SET When a single item is selected in MBrowser of GETIF utility, start the network protocol inspector to monitor the data transfer. When the name of the router is changed by using GETIF utility it will be shown on the Network Inspector Utility as well SNMP TRAP Fluke Network Inspector tool along with GETIF utility has the ability to diagnose the error on the network, To see the result on the Network Inspector tool if the network engineer can physically take the serial cable out from the router port and disconnect the communication in the network the Network Inspector tool identify this error and displays it on the tools screen for the network engineers urgent attention Figure 0.26: SNMP TRAP In Figure 0 .26 the status of the serial connection is show to down this is due to the serial cable being unplugged from the port. GRAPHYCAL MONITORING IN GETIF This is another option in GETIF utility to monitor the network bandwidth consumption and the percentage of the different protocols. It can be seen in the following figures. Figure 0.27: SNMP GRAPHYCAL MONITORING In Figure 0 .27 two graphs have been shown, in these graphs only ICMP packet has been monitored to show the operation of the protocol. In top half of the fig graph starts from the 0 and then gradually goes up due to the increase in the ICMP PINGs. A sudden drop can also be seen while the graph is increasing this is due to the term Request Timed Out in the ping in the second half you can see the decrease in the graph and this is due to when the pings were cancelled one by one. BENEFITS OF FLUKE NETWORK INSPECTOR TOOL Fluke Network Inspector allows network engineer to provide reliable, and desirable connectivity to the organisation, it saves time and money by effective resource management. It also provide better knowledge to the network engineer about the devices installed on the network which helps to find the faults and fix them easily. Fluke Network Inspector provides a solution for monitoring and analysing the network which can be very helpful to the organisations to get desirable and reliable connectivity of their network. It also allows the network engineer to protect the network from any unauthorized users and gives a freedom of managing the network remotely. Fluke Network Inspector Tool helps in performing major functions of the network management which includes: Fault Management Configuration Management Accounting Management Performance Management Security Management All these functions have been explained briefly in this report FAULT MANAGEMENT The process of identifying, diagnosing a problem on the network and resolving it is called fault management. The problem could be of any kind from faulty cables to defective hardware. In other words, it is a very important for the effective operations of a network and to provide the connectivity among the users of a company, An intelligent network engineer will detect the fault in the network in very less time and fix the problem fast. Fault management is a very reliable tool for providing the connectivity for the network. Fault management is very useful to the network administrator as they can keep an eye on the network from anywhere in the network and resolve the issues quickly. Apart from automatic updates about the fault on the network, network administrator can be informed by the users. Network administrator can send ping packets to identify the problem. If a network administrator cannot reach a certain device remotely like when administrator pings a device and gets no reply there could be number of reasons, fault management helps in finding solution to such problems, so that the network is available all the time. Whenever there is a fault on the network it will be known to the network operator by using SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) it also rate the problem as if the problem is of high risk to the network or to the low risk, but will keep on sending information to the network administrator about the fault in the network till the time it has be resolved and will send a notification of error resolved. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT Configuration management is all about handling the configurations of the network devices. It involves maintaining a database of the network devices, and providing reports of the data travelling over these devices. Keeping the record of the configured devices on the network is called configuration management. Configuration management can help a network administrator to install different software for the better communication among the network. The data base of the configuration management includes different entries like, the devices used, the version numbers and the device capabilities. By using configuration management a network administrator can increase the devices on the network, can provide or deny access to the certain number of users or a group on a particular network. Remote sites can be configured by using different techniques, access can be restricted to certain area of the network for specified users, or if required interfaces can be brought down or up by using the configuration. ACCOUNTING MANAGEMENT Account management helps in managing the utilization of network resources, which further leads to a more productive network. One of the functions of the accounting management is to distinguish between inter and intra -domain accounting data and route them to the respective device, for the session record containing Network Access Identifier, this packet can be routed by examining the NAI to save this packet to be broadcasted over the whole network and utilizing the bandwidth. Accounting management involves the monitoring of the users activities on the network at an individual or at a group level which helps in providing better communication and also reduces the fault generation which can cause loss of data. It allows network engineer to keep track of the bandwidth utilisation w

The Importance of the Origin of the First Quarto of Hamlet Essays

The Importance of the Origin of the First Quarto of Hamlet Ofel: Alas, what a change is this? Ham: But if thou wilt needes marry, marry a foole, For wisemen know well enough, What monsters you make of them, to a Nunnery goe. Ofel: Pray God restore him. Ham: Nay, I have heard of your painting too, God hath giuen you one face, And you make your selues another, --HAMLET, Prince of Denmarke, The First Quarto The title page of the second quarto of Hamlet claims that the text beneath it is "Newly imprinted and enlarged to almost as much / againe as it was, according to the true and perfect / Coppie." Taking this at face value, three facts necessary follow: That there is at least one earlier edition (or else this one could not be "newly imprinted...again"); that the earlier edition was shorter (or else this one could not be "enlarged"); and that this quarto does not include some lines from the "perfect Coppie" (since it is "almost as much"). Indeed, a First Quarto exists dated a year earlier (1603); Q1 is shorter some 1600 lines; and the Folio does restore certain seemingly authorial passages. It appears as if "I.R.," the printer, or "N.L.," the publisher, is correct on all possible counts. We cannot even condemn I.R. or N.L. for self-interested advertising. They admit that their copy is "almost," but not quite, "perfect."* Thus we might wish to take seriously one further point that the tit le page tries to make, namely, that the earlier quarto was neither "true" nor "perfect," and therefore is corrupted not simply in its brevity, but also in the presentation of the text which it actually does contain. This would mean that Q1 did not use the "true and perfect Coppie" as its copy-text. It does not seem preposterous to rephras... ...ay. The strategic early placing of the "To be or not to be, I there's the point" monologue gives it less weight than it has in Q2, as if it were the beginning of Hamlet's train of thought as opposed to the turning point we often think it is when we read a modern edition. Indeed, "the point" is more absolute than "the question." Hamlet does not fight with himself to solve a problem, but merely expresses what that problem is. To argue that this is oversimplification is to oversimplify: it is a revision. It is an Elizabethan argument, positing that a truly revengeful Hamlet would definitely shy away from suicide for hope of salvation, while the confused avenger Hamlet would probably shy away from suicide for fear of punishment. That in itself sheds light on the pop psychology of the day, and thus how we ought to read Hamlet's psychology in the context of its time.

The Applying Problems and Resolving to Implement Sustainable Tourism

The applying problems and the resolving to implement sustainable tourism In this day and age, tourism is one of the largest industries, with an increasing number of tourists all around the world. Because of this, there are many impacts on humankind, with both positive and negative sides. Hence, the sustainable tourism, which is the concept of visiting an area as a tourist and trying to make a balance of the social, culture, economic and especially environmental dimensions, is gained in importance.However, Frey & George (2010) describe that this concept seems to play a significant role in tourism field, but only few of tourism businesses are participating in. This essay will examine the reasons and some possible suggestions. It will first explain the overall of the definition of the sustainable tourism. Then the focus moves onto the factors applying the unsuccessfully sustainability in practice and some specific examples.Next, some feasible measures will be provided. Finally, it draws a conclusion on the limited in the concept of sustainable tourism. There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism, including ecotourism, green travel, environmentally and culturally responsible tourism, fair trade and ethical travel.To most people, sustainable tourism, that is the most important way to success in sustainability, is still not widely understood despite the remarkable growth of the sustainable tourism industry; therefore, Frey & George (2010) has defined the overall meaning and concept of sustainable tourism in their article that is a part of sustainable development, which is the most valuable of economic, social, natural and cultural resources by management, protection, and conservation, and still maintains its unique as long as possible for sustainable development that could create the better experience for responsible visitors.By definition, such the sustainable tourism should reach its objective, but it is not because there are other d ifficulties. First of all, the main reason that leads to the failure of sustainable tourism is the administration and management with involving organizations, including both policy and operational levels such as the authority of tourism and the local community organization. These government agencies are the majority of the sustainable development; however, in recently years, the development always operates by each individual organization especially in developing countries.The challenge to the sustainable tourism development in Turkey is the best example to illustrate this reason. Tosun (2001) shows the conflict between the central and the local government. The former has concerned about the overall development by supports and promotions of the sustainable tourism in order to enchance the better economy. Nevertheless, the latter has their own policies solving the local specifically problems in each area, so they do not want to follow the centralization. As a result of this agrument, the sustainabiliy has to face with the failure.All of above, you can see the important of the collaboration. Subsequently, shifting in carring capacity is not balancing to demands of visitors. The government support the tourism development but supplied are not enough to provided. The best example is the tourism development in Gambia, Thompson, O'Hare, & Evans (1995) find that the Gambia government has encouraged the tourism development because they recognize the charming climate and the beautiful landscape that is attractive for a large number of tourists; eventhough, the resources, such as accommodations, facilities, and natural resources, are limited.Consequently, the tourism has been growing in leaps and bounds in a short time, so the management, including economy, natural resources, administration and investment, facilities development, education, and training, is proposed. By doing this, the spread of drug abuse, enhanced crime rates, increases in prostitution, and the spread o f sexually transmittes diseases are some of the following social problems; as a result of the failure in the development of sustainable tourism (ibid). The scarcity of resources is one of the key problem to develop the sustainable tourism.Another major reason that needs to be taken into account is a cooperation of people in each community with government policies. These people are playing roles that relate to the sustainable touriam in many forms, such as the ownership and supplier of goods and services. The importance of these people might be mechanism in the development of the sustainable tourism. If these people do not cooperate, the development would delay or interrupt. As Ioannides’ (1995) argues in his article about a flawed implementation of the ustainable tourism in Akamas, Cyprus, in this area, the government requires to turn the mass tourism into ecotourism, which is base on the national park area, because of a lack of accommodations and facilities. By the way, the local people do not agree with this policy so the government offers the other alternative tourism such as argotourism. The farmers and agriculturists feel that is unfair to them anymore so they still do not give the cooperation. All of above, there is not only the reasonable government policies, but also consisting the collaboration of the local people.Despite the reasons as mentioned above, some possible sugguestions for sustainable tourism development are also given. One of the most possible way is a collaboration and a integrated tourism plan by balancing the economic, social, and natural resources in the vary progress towards the sustainable tourism, and a analysis how the plan can do in practice (Kernel, 2005). By doing this, the situation could be improved. An another useful suggestion woud be the evaluation about the ability to support the sufficient demands of visitors or limite the number of travellers to visit the country (Fortuny, Soler, Canovas, & Sanchez, 2008).Conseque ntly, the result would allow the balance of the demand and supply suitable for tourism. The further measure to solve this problem is the cooperation of people based at level of individual investment rather than the tourism sector may be effective in more cooperation between the government, local citizens, and tourists (Garrod & Fyall, 1998). Lastly, creating networks and sharing the information and/or guidelines between the countries facing the same crisis can be useful for each other(Kernel, 2005).If all of these sugguestions were implemented, the sustainable tourism could be successful and optimized as long as possible. From the aforementioned problems and solutions of the sustainable tourism, it can be concluded that the most important point is the understanding about the concept of sustainable tourism. Although, there are some factors, such as the lack of resources, the conflict betweeen the central and local government, and the cooperate from the local people, that make the con cept unpracticed as it could.On the other hand, the issues about development and promotion of the sustainable tourism are about the parcticability in real life. If the government and the local people who own the tourism areas had cooperated and shared ideas with multilateral together basing to the goal of the development, and encourage people to wisely consume the resources, it could be an effective way to the sustainability. There are not only the responsibility of the people in each country, but also including the tourists from another country because the sustainable tourism development relies on the cooperating people and the resources.References Garrod, B. and Fyall, A. (1998), Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism? , Tourism Management Vol. 19, No. 3, 199-212 Thompson, C. , O’Hare, G. and Evens, K. (1995), Tourism in the Gambia: Problems and Proposals, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. 8, 571-581 Tosun, C. (2001), Challenges Of Sustainable Tourism Development in the D eveloping World: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management 22, 289-303 Ioannides, D. (1995), A Flawed Implementation of Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of Akamas, Cyprus, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. , 583-592 Fortuny, M. , Soler, R. , Canovas, C. and Sanchez, A. (2007), Technical Approach for a Sustainable Tourism Development: Case Study in the Balearic Islands, Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 860-869 Frey, N. and George, R. (2010), Responsible Tourism Management: The Missing Link between Business Owners’ Attitudes and Behaviour in the Cape Town Tourism Industry, Tourism Management 31, 621–628 Kernel, P. (2005), Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production 13, 151–164 The Applying Problems and Resolving to Implement Sustainable Tourism The applying problems and the resolving to implement sustainable tourism In this day and age, tourism is one of the largest industries, with an increasing number of tourists all around the world. Because of this, there are many impacts on humankind, with both positive and negative sides. Hence, the sustainable tourism, which is the concept of visiting an area as a tourist and trying to make a balance of the social, culture, economic and especially environmental dimensions, is gained in importance.However, Frey & George (2010) describe that this concept seems to play a significant role in tourism field, but only few of tourism businesses are participating in. This essay will examine the reasons and some possible suggestions. It will first explain the overall of the definition of the sustainable tourism. Then the focus moves onto the factors applying the unsuccessfully sustainability in practice and some specific examples.Next, some feasible measures will be provided. Finally, it draws a conclusion on the limited in the concept of sustainable tourism. There are a few definitions of sustainability within the context of tourism, including ecotourism, green travel, environmentally and culturally responsible tourism, fair trade and ethical travel.To most people, sustainable tourism, that is the most important way to success in sustainability, is still not widely understood despite the remarkable growth of the sustainable tourism industry; therefore, Frey & George (2010) has defined the overall meaning and concept of sustainable tourism in their article that is a part of sustainable development, which is the most valuable of economic, social, natural and cultural resources by management, protection, and conservation, and still maintains its unique as long as possible for sustainable development that could create the better experience for responsible visitors.By definition, such the sustainable tourism should reach its objective, but it is not because there are other d ifficulties. First of all, the main reason that leads to the failure of sustainable tourism is the administration and management with involving organizations, including both policy and operational levels such as the authority of tourism and the local community organization. These government agencies are the majority of the sustainable development; however, in recently years, the development always operates by each individual organization especially in developing countries.The challenge to the sustainable tourism development in Turkey is the best example to illustrate this reason. Tosun (2001) shows the conflict between the central and the local government. The former has concerned about the overall development by supports and promotions of the sustainable tourism in order to enchance the better economy. Nevertheless, the latter has their own policies solving the local specifically problems in each area, so they do not want to follow the centralization. As a result of this agrument, the sustainabiliy has to face with the failure.All of above, you can see the important of the collaboration. Subsequently, shifting in carring capacity is not balancing to demands of visitors. The government support the tourism development but supplied are not enough to provided. The best example is the tourism development in Gambia, Thompson, O'Hare, & Evans (1995) find that the Gambia government has encouraged the tourism development because they recognize the charming climate and the beautiful landscape that is attractive for a large number of tourists; eventhough, the resources, such as accommodations, facilities, and natural resources, are limited.Consequently, the tourism has been growing in leaps and bounds in a short time, so the management, including economy, natural resources, administration and investment, facilities development, education, and training, is proposed. By doing this, the spread of drug abuse, enhanced crime rates, increases in prostitution, and the spread o f sexually transmittes diseases are some of the following social problems; as a result of the failure in the development of sustainable tourism (ibid). The scarcity of resources is one of the key problem to develop the sustainable tourism.Another major reason that needs to be taken into account is a cooperation of people in each community with government policies. These people are playing roles that relate to the sustainable touriam in many forms, such as the ownership and supplier of goods and services. The importance of these people might be mechanism in the development of the sustainable tourism. If these people do not cooperate, the development would delay or interrupt. As Ioannides’ (1995) argues in his article about a flawed implementation of the ustainable tourism in Akamas, Cyprus, in this area, the government requires to turn the mass tourism into ecotourism, which is base on the national park area, because of a lack of accommodations and facilities. By the way, the local people do not agree with this policy so the government offers the other alternative tourism such as argotourism. The farmers and agriculturists feel that is unfair to them anymore so they still do not give the cooperation. All of above, there is not only the reasonable government policies, but also consisting the collaboration of the local people.Despite the reasons as mentioned above, some possible sugguestions for sustainable tourism development are also given. One of the most possible way is a collaboration and a integrated tourism plan by balancing the economic, social, and natural resources in the vary progress towards the sustainable tourism, and a analysis how the plan can do in practice (Kernel, 2005). By doing this, the situation could be improved. An another useful suggestion woud be the evaluation about the ability to support the sufficient demands of visitors or limite the number of travellers to visit the country (Fortuny, Soler, Canovas, & Sanchez, 2008).Conseque ntly, the result would allow the balance of the demand and supply suitable for tourism. The further measure to solve this problem is the cooperation of people based at level of individual investment rather than the tourism sector may be effective in more cooperation between the government, local citizens, and tourists (Garrod & Fyall, 1998). Lastly, creating networks and sharing the information and/or guidelines between the countries facing the same crisis can be useful for each other(Kernel, 2005).If all of these sugguestions were implemented, the sustainable tourism could be successful and optimized as long as possible. From the aforementioned problems and solutions of the sustainable tourism, it can be concluded that the most important point is the understanding about the concept of sustainable tourism. Although, there are some factors, such as the lack of resources, the conflict betweeen the central and local government, and the cooperate from the local people, that make the con cept unpracticed as it could.On the other hand, the issues about development and promotion of the sustainable tourism are about the parcticability in real life. If the government and the local people who own the tourism areas had cooperated and shared ideas with multilateral together basing to the goal of the development, and encourage people to wisely consume the resources, it could be an effective way to the sustainability. There are not only the responsibility of the people in each country, but also including the tourists from another country because the sustainable tourism development relies on the cooperating people and the resources.References Garrod, B. and Fyall, A. (1998), Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism? , Tourism Management Vol. 19, No. 3, 199-212 Thompson, C. , O’Hare, G. and Evens, K. (1995), Tourism in the Gambia: Problems and Proposals, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. 8, 571-581 Tosun, C. (2001), Challenges Of Sustainable Tourism Development in the D eveloping World: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management 22, 289-303 Ioannides, D. (1995), A Flawed Implementation of Sustainable Tourism: The Experience of Akamas, Cyprus, Tourism Management Vol. 16, No. , 583-592 Fortuny, M. , Soler, R. , Canovas, C. and Sanchez, A. (2007), Technical Approach for a Sustainable Tourism Development: Case Study in the Balearic Islands, Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 860-869 Frey, N. and George, R. (2010), Responsible Tourism Management: The Missing Link between Business Owners’ Attitudes and Behaviour in the Cape Town Tourism Industry, Tourism Management 31, 621–628 Kernel, P. (2005), Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Cleaner Production 13, 151–164

Family Diversity

Reasons being there has been an increase in divorce over the past 30 years. Also, the growing proportion of household that are composed of 1 person. 2) Allen & crow- identified 2 key points for single parent families. -increase in divorce -significant rise in the number of never married women. Beanpole families are long and thin. These are multi-generational families where there is more intergenerational contact (grandparents and grandchildren) than intergenerational contact (cousins). 1) Brannon- sees them as being like a beanpole. Reason for less intergenerational ties. Gig divorce rates causing breakdown of contact between extended families – falling fertility rates couples having less children, so there will be fewer relationships. Reason for more intergenerational ties. -grandparents live longer provide extra care e. G. (babysitting) 2) Grungy & Henrietta- uses the concept of ‘sandwich generation' to refer to women aged between 55 and 69 who offer assistance between their needy parents and their own children. Research shows a growing number of women will be in this position. An extended family contains kin beyond the family.This could be through vertical extensions with additional family members from a 3rd generation (grandparents) or horizontal extensions (wife's sister). 1) villains- showed how working class peoples live that lived in east London was still dominated by the values and traditions of extended kin. 2) McConnell- used survey findings and discovered that in the 1 ass's contact with relatives was still frequent. Extended family was an important source of support, for practical support such as helping with jobs. E. G. Times of illness and financial tasks. A reconstituted family is when families merge together and form a new Emily.For example a couple with children split up, the children remain with the mother who forms a new family with a new partner and who also has children. National statistics 2004, an estimated 10% of all famili es were reconstituted. 1) Smart – researched children experiencing co-parenting, found that children value having both parents in their lives. By moving from houses as a routine since young age. Some religious people are more likely to have children living with them than others. Religion can also influence the way that children are socialized in families.

Gary Barnett the Motivator essays

Gary Barnett the Motivator essays Gary Barnett changed Northwestern football when he arrived there in 1991. He put a mindset into the players and the school that they can overcome this and turn this program around. Gary brought enthusiasm to the team and made believers out of his players. He had calmness in the rough times giving the kids a reason not to panic if they just lost one game. In the 1995 season, Northwestern opened up the season beating Notre Dame at Notre Dame. Then the following they lost to a bad Miami (OH) team at home. That week Gary was distraught, but stayed calm and asked his team if they wanted to be the team that beat Notre Dame or the team that lost to Miami (OH). The reason he was such a good leader was because the kids believed in what Gary said. The team thought if they could trust him and have faith, they could do anything. Gary Barnett had many motivational techniques to get his players motivated. He thought you had to believe in yourself, to become successful. Gary made t-shirts that said Me to We. That was a way to tell his players that the only way they could win is if they believe in one another. One of his players wrote a paper on his motivational techniques. Northwestern has the lowest enrollment out of the whole Big Ten. They have an enrollment of only 7,500 kids. Where the University of Ohio State has about 31,000 kids. Gary didnt understand why kids didnt want to come, so it was his doing to change that. He did change that by telling his recruits that if you come to Northwestern that not only will you play football, but you will get a degree at a very good school. The kids realized that football doesnt last forever, but degree from Northwestern will be with you until the day you die. Darnell Autry and Tuscon Waterman decided to go to Northwestern for the education and not just to play football. They knew that with a degree from Northwestern they could get a job anywher ...

The History of Cartography

The History of Cartography Cartography is defined as the science and art of making maps or graphical representations/images showing spatial concepts at various scales. Maps convey geographic information about a place and can be useful in understanding topography, weather and culture depending upon the type of map.   Early forms of cartography were practiced on clay tablets and cave walls. As technology and exploration expanded maps were drawn on paper and depicted the areas that various explorers traveled. Today maps can show a plethora of information and the advent of technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows maps to be made relatively easily with computers. This article provides a summary of the history of cartography and map-making. References to in depth academic studies on the development of cartography are included at the end. Early Maps and Cartography Some of the earliest known maps date back to 16,500 B.C.E. and show the night sky instead of the Earth. In addition, ancient cave paintings and rock carvings depict landscape features like hills and mountains and archaeologists believe that these paintings were used to navigate the areas they showed and to portray the areas that the people visited.   Maps were also created in ancient Babylonia (mostly on clay tablets) and it is believed that they were drawn with very accurate surveying techniques. These maps showed topographical features like hills and valleys but also had labeled features. The Babylonian World Map is considered the earliest map of the world but it is unique because it is a symbolic representation of the Earth. It dates back to 600 B.C.E. The earliest paper maps that were identified by cartographers as maps used for navigation and to depict certain areas of the Earth were those created by the early Greeks. Anaximander was the first of the ancient Greeks to draw a map of the known world and as such he is considered to be one of the first cartographers. Hecataeus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy were other well-known Greek map makers. The maps they drew came from explorer observations and mathematical calculations.   The Greek maps are important to cartography because they often showed Greece as being at the center of the world and surrounded by an ocean. Other early Greek maps show the world being divided into two continents – Asia and Europe. These ideas came largely out of Homer’s works as well as other early Greek literature. Many Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical and this also influenced their cartography. Ptolemy, for instance, created maps by using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude to accurately show areas of the Earth as he knew it. This became the basis for today’s maps and his atlas Geographia is an early example of modern cartography. In addition to the ancient Greek maps, early examples of cartography also come out of China. These maps date to the 4th century B.C.E and were drawn on wooden blocks. Other early Chinese maps were produced on silk. Early Chinese maps from the Qin State show various territories with landscape features such as the Jialing River system as well as roads and are considered some of the world’s oldest economic maps (Wikipedia.org). Cartography continued to develop in China throughout its various dynasties and in 605 an early map using a grid system was created by Pei Ju of the Sui Dynasty. In 801 the Hai Nei Hua Yi Tu (Map of both Chinese and Barbarian Peoples within the (Four) Seas) was created by the Tang Dynasty to show China as well as its Central Asian colonies. The map was 30 feet (9.1 m) by 33 feet (10 m) and used a grid system with a highly accurate scale.   In 1579 the Guang Yutu atlas was produced and contained over 40 maps that used a grid system and showed major landmarks like roads and mountains as well as the borders of different political areas. 16th and 17th century Chinese maps continued to develop to clearly show regions under exploration. By the mid-20th century, China developed an Institute of Geography that was responsible for official cartography. It emphasized fieldwork in the production of maps focused on physical and economic geography. European Cartography Like Greece and China (as well as other areas throughout the rest of the world) the development of cartography was significant in Europe as well. Early medieval maps were mainly symbolic like those that came out of Greece. Beginning in the 13th century the Majorcan Cartographic School was developed and consisted of a Jewish collaboration of cartographers, cosmographers and navigators/navigational instrument makers. The Majorcan Cartographic School invented the Normal Portolan Chart – a nautical mile chart that used gridded compass lines for navigation.   Cartography developed further in Europe during the Age of Exploration as cartographers, merchants, and explorers created maps showing the new areas of the world that they visited. They also developed detailed nautical charts and maps that were used for navigation. In the 15th century, Nicholas Germanus invented the Donis map projection with equidistant parallels and meridians that converged toward the poles.   In the early 1500s, the first maps of the Americas were produced by the Spanish cartographer and explorer, Juan de la Cosa, who sailed with Christopher Columbus. In addition to maps of the Americas, he created some of the first maps that showed the Americas along with Africa and Eurasia. In 1527 Diogo Ribeiro, a Portuguese cartographer designed the first scientific world map called the Padron Real. This map was important because it very accurately showed the coasts of Central and South America and showed the extent of the Pacific Ocean.   In the mid-1500s Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer, invented the Mercator map projection. This projection was mathematically based and was one of the most accurate for world-wide navigation that was available at the time. The Mercator projection eventually became the most widely used map projection and was a standard taught in cartography. Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600’s and 1700’s further European exploration resulted in the creation of maps showing various parts of the world that had not been mapped before. In addition, cartographic techniques continued to grow in their accuracy. Modern Cartography Modern cartography began as various technological advancements were made. The invention of tools like the compass, telescope, the sextant, quadrant and printing press all allowed for maps to be made more easily and accurately. New technologies also led to the development of different map projections that more precisely showed the world. For example, in 1772 the Lambert conformal conic was created and in 1805 the Albers equal area-conic projection was developed. In the 17th and 18th centuries the United States Geological Survey and the National Geodetic survey used new tools to map trails and survey government lands. In the 20th century, the use of planes to take aerial photographs changed the types of data that could be used to create maps. Satellite imagery has since been added to the list of data and can aid in showing large areas in great detail. Finally, Geographic Information Systems or GIS, is a relatively new technology that is changing cartography today because it allows for many different types of maps using various types of data to be easily created and manipulated with computers.

Analysing Critiques of globalisation

Analysing Critiques of globalisation â€Å"Critiques of globalisation argue that as a result of failures to deal with risks to international stability, the basis of global order has been at risk and political and economic disorder like that that followed the collapse of 19th century globalisation may not look impossible. â€Å"Do you agree? Globalization is the background of the present world. Our economic, political and the social status in the second decade of the twenty first century would not have been possible without considering the global context of free markets and the information technology. Many scholars have defined globalization viewed through lens of different perspectives towards the world. Blackmore (2000) defines globalization as, â€Å"increased economic, cultural, environmental, and social interdependencies and new transnational financial and political formations arising out of the mobility of capital, labour, and information, with both homogenizing and differentiating tendencies†, (Blackmore , 2000, p.133); while Hill (2009), puts more emphasis on the economic, asserts, â€Å"globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy†, (Hill, 2009, p.6). This paper will briefly describe the history of glabalization followed with a review of the two phases of globalization in the nineteenth and the twentieth century where in one phase was seen prosperous while the other was the end of globalization. Subsequently, laying out the current situation whether or not it is parallel to the failures of globalization. Drawing upon an opinion thereby, on the same, alongwith rational elucidations. Critiques have argued that globalization is not something that happened 200 years ago, it can be traced back to the 16th century during the emergence of the pinnacle of capitalism (Robertson, 1997). According to Friedman (2005), globalization can be viewed in three phases: globalization phase one (1492- 1800) was the globalization of countries, globa lization 2 (1800-2000) was the globalization of companies and globalization 3 (2000 till now) is the globalization of people. However, Broadberry and O’Rourke (2010) state that the period between 1870 to 1914 reflected as the high water mark of the nineteenth century globalization. Globalization in the nineteenth century encompasses interregional transfers of goods, people and capital. The preeminent way to measure the levels of integration is the rising amounts of international flows of economic activity for e.g. the ratio of comodity trade to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), number of people migrated to total population and the cost of moving goods across continents. European international trade was growing at a 4.1% a year between this period (Bordo et al., 1999) while the global output rising from 10% in 1870 to about 20% in 1914. This was the first phase of globalization which was accompanied with extraordinary prosperity. Countries who were involved in the global markets d uring this phase had narrowed the gap between wealthy and poor nations. Japan, for e.g., in the seventeenth century had completely cut off itself from the world permitting only one Dutch ship a year to land and involved in small amount of trade. In 1870, Japan was a a backward country where the average income of a person was less than a quarter of that in the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, as a result of fully involving in the global market in 1868, Japan’s income was able to increase at 1.5% compared to 1% of growth rate for U.K. (Mishkin, 2006). Countries like China and India were deprived of the industrial capability as they were not able to enter the global economic system.

Buddha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddha - Essay Example Daily meditations for example when practiced with sincerity impacts on the life and outlook. The attributes are various texts that are recognized by different sects within the Buddhists. Some of the last cannon attributes contain largely the eight-fold path, which starts from the right view of things, right intention, right speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. The beliefs can be categorized largely into three, which is wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline, therefore, the eight attributes above fall under the three main subjects accordingly. In the formulation of Buddha for the national identity reveals itself though due to the series of changes in the forms of Buddha it may be hard to see a national image. From the beginning, the Buddhists would be identified by the meditation and observance of the moral precepts as a foundation for their practice. As a nationality, they observed and could be identified by the five basic moral precepts; which were largely undertaken by monastic older and the laity. They were to refrain from taking out someone’s life, stealing and acting in the weirdest manner. As a nation and members of Monastic, they were advised not to eat at an inappropriate time, they were not to view secular entertainment and still they had to stay away from using garlands, perfumes, and other bodily ointments. This practices and doctrines strengthened the form of the Buddha and made them one nation. This has though changed, as the society tends to adopt a lot of liberty. (Sullivan 278). The images of the Buddha for example in most of the cases will mean the awakened one and this is not represented in one image. The images seen in the west for example represents a fat and happy Buddha. This symbolizes Buddha’s latest life, as he was happy and travelling throughout the northern India and instructing disciples to act in the same manner and spread the same gospel across the divide. In southeast India, Bud dha’

Questions on Hans Selye's Stress Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Questions on Hans Selye's Stress Theory - Essay Example If situations are supposed by the human being as traumatic, then this assessment will set in action a chain of stress-impacts mechanisms comprised of integrated behavioral and physiological, hard work to get used to the environmental hassle (Van, 2004). Stress is the unpleasant response people have to extreme pressures or other types of challenge located on them. There is an apparent dissimilarity between stress, which can generate a buzz and be an inspiring issue, and stress, which can happen when this stress becomes extreme (Unamaka, 1995). Causes of stress According to Hans Selye's Stress Theory, workplace stress is tough to pact with at the optimum of era, but when joblessness is elevated, redundancies are ordinary and struggle for promotions is so ferocious it’s terrifying, workplace stress steps go all the way through the roof. The difficulty with workplace stress is that it is habitually tough to recognize other than a universal emotion of stressful life at work (Taffinder, 2006). Being Overworked This is possibly the most clear of all the stress factors. If one has too a good deal work to do, scarce time to do it in, and awkward stress on one to meet those deadlines, yet the most competent worker is going to sense the intensity. Being Underworked Not common as a clear stress feature, but in the existing situation where redundancies are still being completed, no one needs to be viewed to be shaking their thumbs and being paid to do zilch on the organization moment. This is particularly solid if you have no jurisdiction over your workflow (Stankard, 2002). Job Security Situations have been hazy for more than 50 years and job safety does not really survive any longer. Although, in an economic recession when workers are laid off and hiring are not, the stress of not getting job safety can be gravely overstated. Job Succession There is nobody who wishes to linger constant position, on equal salary for an unlimited time, however, numerous skills are at the present stifled by bazaar in which there exist no employment or endorsement is being completed. Even though, you might have a occupation, not being capable to obtain to your subsequently phase can make you deem bored and fascinated, which can be stressful. The Incorrect Job When one discovers that he is in an occupation that you have inadequate skills to deal with, you will feel like one who is plummeting from the start.   When you cannot ask for guidance since one does not desire to confess one is not the right candidate for the job the stress increases to open up (Ralph, 1981). Guilt Traditions The unlucky result of a being short of job safety is that no one needs to attach their head above the ramparts and confess to mistakes in a situation that it can cost them their work. Unluckily, in this type of traditions, if one cannot confess to mistakes that one is improbable to evolution and be trained. In addition, when it comes to indicative the reason of issues that have arisen can create an ambiance of terror and wariness that is extremely stressful to job in everyday situations. Bad Management Being deficient in durable and successful organization can make a team wandering and persons in a situation of muddle puzzlement that is awfully stressful. On the contrary, over-management and small administration are claustrophobically stressful for personnel and put down no space for originality or enlargement. Harassment One might believe that when you leave suddenly the playing field bullying becomes a thing of the

Privatization of Juvenile Facilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privatization of Juvenile Facilities - Essay Example This represented over 30,000 juvenile offenders (Bayer, & Pozen, 2003). In 1974, Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act which encouraged the community to develop reasonable alternatives to incarceration. This request saw the adoption of privatization as an appropriate mechanism that could be used for deinstitutionalization. As a result, by 1990, nearly 90 % of states had a minimum of one contract with a private corporation that was non profit. On the other hand, 60% of states had a minimum of one contract with a private corporation for profit to operate a facility for juveniles. Due to the overcrowding experienced in prisons, high costs of operating prisons, and the high cost of building new prisons, many states find privatization a viable option. The issue of privatization of juvenile facilities raises certain important issues. If a state were to privatize its juvenile facilities, which component of the facilities will be most effectively privatized? Suc h that the negative impact of privatization is minimized. Armstrong (2001) notes that the government or the state must retain and continue funding the costs that are associated with incarceration of the delinquents. The private corporation on the other hand, should take care of the programmatic and custodial managerial services. This is an effective approach as it allows the private sector to handle issues that are less sensitive. The state continues to meet the direct costs of incarcerated delinquents. This way the incarcerated juveniles will be able to access critical services like educational programming and quality nutrition. Many of the private corporations are out to make profits. Privatization of the costs of incarceration of the delinquents will see incarcerated delinquents being deprived of essential services as observed in the Oklahoma example. The Office of Juvenile Affairs contracted a for- profit private corporation. This contract was terminated in the year 2002 after c oncerns were raised about the operations of the juvenile facility. The contract was also terminated in an effort to cut down the budget of the Office of Juvenile Affairs. The OCCY (Oklahoma Commission on Children and Youth) raised concerns about the absence of educational programs and proper nutrition for the juveniles (Office of Juvenile Affairs, 2010). The state stands a better chance to effectively manage juvenile facilities. This is because the state is a non profit organization that will emphasize on delivering the essential services to the incarcerated juveniles as opposed to maintaining the bottom line and cutting costs at the detriment of the incarcerated juveniles. Today, it is a fact that many states consider privatization of juvenile facilities a viable option. Despite the negative aspects closely associated with privatization of these facilities, states continue to privatize the facilities in an effort to reduce overcrowding and minimize operation costs. What can then be done to ensure that the interests of the public are preserved by the privatized juvenile facilities? One good and effective approach is the setting up of a state agency mandated with the constant evaluation and monitoring of state juvenile facilities and the juvenile programs. These agencies will have the ability to conduct random visits to the privatized juvenile facilities and assess conditions of the facilities and state of juveniles and staff. In this way,

Definition of litreatures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of litreatures - Research Paper Example However, this also comes with a price. Since the research is entirely based on questionnaires or vignettes scenarios which are a modified form of introspection itself except the fact that it’s quantifiable and less reliant on biases. Therefore, what is required is a strong background research on literature and a systematic approach towards research. How will that help make it more empirical? First, as literature includes past researches and theories on the same topic, it is easier to filter out irrelevant details and detect a platform to analyze the given data. It also provides a head start for the research in a way that it shows things already has been done in the field so that the new research is not redundant. In addition, it shows what could not be achieved in the field so that the new research is not too ambitious and it shows how to go about a research in the field so that the new research does not end up at a dead-end. Thus, a systematic approach towards the research an d an extensive literature review is a key to an authentic and successful research. This paper will dive into the depth of these processes and explore how they benefit the researcher and the project. Systematic Search The first step in a good scientific research is a systematic searching. By systematic searching, it is meant that a particular scheme is followed while searching. To start with a systematic research, the first step is to formulate a clear question which includes all critical aspects of the topic like what, why, who, how, where, when, which, where etc. This is important because once the question is formulated, one is aware of what one is looking for and the research is less prone to divert into irrelevant directions. Once one knows what one is looking for, the next step is splitting the question into independent parts what this means is to separate the relation aspect from the individuality of the topics and study them independently in their own context and then in relat ion to each other. The third step is to find a suitable database to take material from. By specifying the discipline to the system, one can access to a large amount of information on any given topic. Next step is to find the search items. Many features of the item like synonyms, plural forms, and different spellings should be attended to in this section. Once, the search takes place, it is important to pay attention to results. If the results are not many, it is better to search with different terms. If there are a lot of them, it is advisable to use more narrowed terms (Laake, 14, 2007) Systematic Review Once the systematic research is being carried out, the next important step is to review the information systematically. A systematic review comprises of several steps: first, it identifies all relevant evidences for the topic. It gathers a pool of information through systematic searching which was explained above. Next, it selects studies, which are to be included and discards the rest. This narrows down the information and brings out the most important points to be included. Third, it identifies the relevant evidence in the reports, which are selected to be included. Since only particular proofs are required from these extensive studies, this step is of crucial importance. Often, the relevant researches have just one or two important points substantiated with adequate results. It is very important to scan those out and leave the rest as they are of little importance for the research project. At the same

Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article analysis - Essay Example During that period of First World War, some German military men were against the Nazism and some central and eastern parts of Europe were still against Nazism and this was the reason why there was need to eliminate the Jews. The emergence of radical activists Fredrich Meinecke and Gerhard Ritter, politicians who came unopposed since the First World War had blown completely and the need to rebuild German through the leadership of Hitler opened the way for the type of demagogic politics that led Hitler into power. After Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany by the president of Weimar Republic, the European problem of the degradation of politics started. 1933 to 1945 was the period when Nazi government came to power under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and his party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). During this period, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state and it had the right to control nearly all aspects of life. In the eyes of non specialists, Nazism was termed as war and genocide, with war one means that this was unparalleled barbarity that the Nazi launched to the citizens and this was especially to those who were from central and Eastern Europe. By genocide one thinks of mass destruction of the European Jews who were murdered and the killings associated with Hitler. Nazism’s uniqueness was Hitler and this was pure and simple since of atrocities the Jews passed on (Moshe 36). The Nazi party was the only political party that was allowed and others were eliminated and consolidated their power. All the power was under Hitler’s power and his word was above all laws. All the people wh o deemed undesirable were persecuted or even murdered and any opposition to Hitler’s rule was suppressed by any means. All the liberals and those who opposed communism were killed, imprisoned and this made the citizens to move to exile. Christian churches were

History of Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

History of Architecture - Essay Example It will also reveal innovative new building technologies and strategies that can help and restore the viability of a natural cycle (History of architecture, 12). This essay will also touch on the main functions of a shelter and how humans have continuously adapted to differing environments through an amazing diversity of structure. Humans are required to live harmoniously with each other for future growth of the environment. This essay will discuss the nature of dwelling (from the urban scale to the â€Å"home†) in the built environment from the 18th-21st centuries, putting into consideration the scale of the city and the individual or multi-family dwelling. In addition, this essay will describe the design global and the local-built environment from the 18th-21st century and what were happening during the age of reason or enlightenment period, the modern period, and the postmodern period. The traces that are found in caves makes us believe that early humans were living in cave s. The bones they gnawed, even their own bones, and the flints they used were creped around for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished somewhere else. Caves were winter shelters, and none wished to remain inside on a summer day. This is similar to the response that our ancestors portrayed. The right to travel extensively for the goals of hunting as well as gathering called for the need for at least a short-term shelter. The demand for shelter brought about the beginning of architecture (Pryce, 19). The early human needed a shelter against rain and sun hence they would lean some protective shields, for example, they used leafy branches against the trunk of a tree. Traces of early dwellings that can be counted as reliable were found for as early as 30,000 years ago. The circular or oval ring of stones together with the local materials that was used to act as a tent-like roof was enough evidence that the early humans practiced architecture. An encampment from 25,000 years ago h as been at Dolni Vestonice in Eastern Europe. The evolution of architecture shifted form tents to round houses by around 8000 BC. By 6500 BC, human beings lived in houses with straight walls, which had windows. From the 5th to the 2nd millennium, the construction of Stone Age graves and temples was acquired, and it became common. Multi-family dwelling also known as a multi-dwelling unit or multi-family residential is a categorization of the housing element for the non-commercial populace is contained within one or several building within one complex (McIntyre et al, 15). One common form of a multi-family dwelling is an apartment building. In some cases, multi-family dwelling building is owned individually instead of leasing from a single apartment building owner. There are different types of multi-family dwelling. These include two flat, which is commonly built on a house lot. The second one is a three flat which is similar to two flat, but it contains three flats; they are most com mon. Another type of multi-family dwelling is a four flat apartment (Graff, 17). Duplex or semi-detached - one building, which consist of two houses, townhouse – this is a type of house that is attached to townhouses. There is also the apartment, mixed used building, and apartment community. A one-family dwelling might be referred to as a semi-detached housing. In this case, each unit is separate from another. This makes it easier to sell the

Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article analysis - Essay Example During that period of First World War, some German military men were against the Nazism and some central and eastern parts of Europe were still against Nazism and this was the reason why there was need to eliminate the Jews. The emergence of radical activists Fredrich Meinecke and Gerhard Ritter, politicians who came unopposed since the First World War had blown completely and the need to rebuild German through the leadership of Hitler opened the way for the type of demagogic politics that led Hitler into power. After Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany by the president of Weimar Republic, the European problem of the degradation of politics started. 1933 to 1945 was the period when Nazi government came to power under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and his party National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). During this period, Germany was transformed into a fascist totalitarian state and it had the right to control nearly all aspects of life. In the eyes of non specialists, Nazism was termed as war and genocide, with war one means that this was unparalleled barbarity that the Nazi launched to the citizens and this was especially to those who were from central and Eastern Europe. By genocide one thinks of mass destruction of the European Jews who were murdered and the killings associated with Hitler. Nazism’s uniqueness was Hitler and this was pure and simple since of atrocities the Jews passed on (Moshe 36). The Nazi party was the only political party that was allowed and others were eliminated and consolidated their power. All the power was under Hitler’s power and his word was above all laws. All the people wh o deemed undesirable were persecuted or even murdered and any opposition to Hitler’s rule was suppressed by any means. All the liberals and those who opposed communism were killed, imprisoned and this made the citizens to move to exile. Christian churches were

Theory Essay Example for Free

Theory Essay Explain what you understand by â€Å"theory†. Would you reject a theory of accounting on the basis that a particular research study found results that failed to support the theory? Explain your answer, with particular reference to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, including a discussion of wether any theory can be proved or rejected. The theory is a set of assumptions, propositions, or attempts to provide a plausible or rational explanation of cause-and-effect relationships among a group of observed phenomenon. It is not helpful for improving the relationship between theorizing and qualitative empirical research in social science disciplines. It can be said that research study is established on the basic of theory. So the answer is â€Å"No†. According to Watts and Zimmerman’s Positive Accounting Theory, positive accounting is the branch of academic research in accounting that seeks to explain and predict actual accounting practices. It believes that it is just an object statement about what theory is and that contains no indication of approval or disapproval, instead of whether correct or wrong or being couched in terms of what should be or ought. Therefore, if the result of research failed to support its theory, it does not mean the theory and maybe the process is wrong. And I would not reject this theory. In addition, any others like PAT can also be proved such as agency theory and contracting theory. However, if it is a normative theory which against Watts and Zimmerman’s Theory, it should be rejected.

Global population aging trends and issues

Global population aging trends and issues Population aging, as a global issue, has become increasingly important in these few decades. Regarding to this issue, the U.S. State Department and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) has hosted a report named Why Population Aging Matters: A Global Perspective in March 15, 2007. This report covered nine trends related to population aging which present a snapshot of challenges and opportunities showing why population aging matters. In which the first five trends describe the global demographic changes in recent years and the last four trends show the challenges and opportunities that caused by population aging. We appreciate the effort of the authors in raising global awareness. Every report, however, have strengthens and limitations. By arguing with some points mentioned in the report, we try to perfect it by replenishing it with more information. Methodology Aimed at raising public awareness about global aging problems, encouraging more cross-nation scientific research and international studies and stimulating biochemical, economic, behavioral and political dialogues, this report used plenty of statistics to show the impacts of population aging on nations. To show the whole picture of the global issue, the researchers did not conduct interviews and solicit the statistics by themselves; rather, they gathered the existing data from different part of the world. Generally, these data are from the United Nations, US Census Bureau, and the Statistical Office of the European Communities as well as some regional surveys. Summary of the report Trend 1 The overall population is aging According to the research done by United nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the global percentage of young children is decreasing while the percentage of older people increases sharply especially in the coming decades. In around 2017, older people will outnumber young children in estimation. In 2006, almost 500 million people are older people, who share 8% of global population, and it is expected that the number will increase to 1 billion in 2030. Besides, the speed of population aging is higher in developing countries than in developed countries. For example, France, as a developed country, has taken 115years for the proportion of the older people to increase 7%. However, in some developing countries like Singapore, 19 years is enough to reach the same rate. Population aging is a global trend in which the degree of development of the countries affects the rate of it. Trend 2 Life expectancy is increasing Change in Life expectancy reflects a health transition which is characterized by many changes including a shift from high to low fertility, a steady increase in life expectancy at birth and at older ages and a shift from the predominance of infectious and parasitic diseases to the growing impact of non-communicable diseases and chronic conditions. Some scientific research shows that the human survival curve in both women and men shifted upward. The life expectancy at birth has increased from 45years in 1950 to more than 79 years today. It implies that the life expectancy increases in every single age and deaths are highly concentrated at older ages. Trend 3 The number of oldest old is rising People aged 85 or about are defined as the oldest old. Currently, the oldest old constitutes 7% of the worlds 65- and-over population, in which 10 % was in more developed countries and 5% was in less developed countries. On a global level, the 85-and-over population is projected to increase 151% between 2005 and 2030.More than half of the worlds oldest old live in China, the United States, India, Japan, Germany, and Russia. Living from birth to age 100 may have risen from 1 in 20 million to 1 in 50 by 2030 for females in low-mortality nation, say, Japan, in estimation. Trend 4 Non-communicable diseases are becoming a growing burden There is an epidemiological transition that the non-communicable diseases have become the focus in light of global aging. In the past, a large number of people were killed by infectious and parasitic disease. However, non- communicable and chronic diseases are the major cause of death in both developed and developing countries nowadays. Regarding to this trend, there are three elaborations of the situation: 1) Compression of morbidity decrease in disability as life expectancy increases; 2) expansion of morbidity increase in disability as life expectancy increases; and 3) decrease in severe disability but increase in milder chronic disease. With the increase in life expectancy in general and the non-correspondent disability rate in different countries, it requires more studies and research to see which elaboration offers a better explanation of the real situation Trend 5 Aging and population decline Simultaneous population aging and population decline are happening in some countries. Where the global population is aging, more than 20 countries are projected to experience population declines in the upcoming decades. A research done by U.S. Census Bureau shows that Russias population declines the most rapidly (-18 millions) between 2006 and 2030. Following is Japan. The projected population decline in Japan is 11 millions between 2006 and 2030. Trend 6 Changing family structure In trend 6, it is about the world trend of changing family structure. Low fertility rate means older people have less family care and support. Family structure is change from nuclear or extended family change to other types e.g. divorce, remarriage, non marriage, voluntarily childless. Many people are living alone in older age. According to the reading, in some European countries, more than 40 percent of women age 65 and older live alone. And the diagram also show the trend in Japan, the older people living alone have growing faster in 1960-2000. Therefore, the cost of long-term care is a burden to families and society. Trend 7 Shifting patterns of work and retirement People tend to work at older ages. From the figure, we can see the European employment rate at age 55-64 have clear increase during 1994-2005. Beginning in the 1990s, a workforce participation rate for older women has been a steady increase. That means women have ability to accumulate and control economic resources in older age. But the job types of elderly are from full-time job changing to part-time job or transition job. According to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), life expectancy has increased and the retirement ages have decreased. In 1960, men on average could expect to spend 46 years in the workforce. In 1995, the number of years in the workforce had decreased to 37. Therefore, if we want to increase workforce, we should set up a high retirement age to maintain enough workforce in the market. Trend 8 Evolving Social insurance systems As the situation of population ageing, the increasing pension expenditure. According to our readings 25 EU countries consumed one-eighth of gross domestic product in 2003. Many countries reform their old-age social insurance programs. For example, Japan rose the pension age: mens pension age from 60 to 65, women from 57 to 65. In order to support the economic security, some government Increase tax rate on workers e.g. Twenty-four Europe countries now have payroll tax rates that equal or exceed 20 percent of wages.(P.21) Trend 9 Emerging economic challenges It says that population ageing is affecting on local and global economies. Therefore many countries have some social programs that are target to the older population- principally health care and income support programs. 1) Fully fund program: This describes a superannuation fund whose assets are sufficient to meet all the funds liabilities 2) Pay-as-you-go system: A method of paying income tax in which the employer deducts a portion of an employees monthly salary to remit to the IRS. On the other hand, we should be concern is high level of population aging, labor force tends to decline. That make government need high tax rate to solve the problem of growing older populations. The tax burden may discourage future workforce participation. Overall review Significance of themes Population aging is a global issue that can affect many parts of our society in the sense that it takes parts in the changes and adjustment in the economy, labor force, medical system, residential issues, continued development etc. It is important and meaningful for us, the people, to realize the effects it may bring. Though population aging is a global trend, there are only a few governments had taken actions to plan for the long term and tackle the possible challenges that may soon happen in their societies. Clearly, more research and policies are needed regarding to this problem. Raising global awareness regarding to the population aging issue is significant. Use of data In this report, many statistics are used to illustrate the trends. However, as a report talking about the global situation, we expect the data should provide us with the whole picture of the world. Since the data are not collected for the sake of supporting this report, some data are not general enough to explain the global situation. Say for example, when illustrating the increases in life expectancy in every age, data of white female survival in the US between 1901 2003 is used. Yet, the situation in the US, a developed country, may differ from other developing countries. Race and sexual difference may also lead to different outcome. In-depth review Population aging is driven by declines in fertility and improvement in health and longevity.  [1]   This statement is partially right. It is true that population ageing arises from increased longevity and decreased fertility. An increase in longevity rises the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people and a decline in fertility reduces the size of the most recent birth cohorts relative to the previous birth cohorts, hence reducing the size of the youngest age groups relative to that of the older ones. Apart form these, migration, as another demographic effect, also contributes to population aging. Thought immigration usually slows down population aging, for example the women holders of One-way Permit in Hong Kong are likely to be younger and have more children, the other types of migration tend to worsen the situation that the immigration may not make up for the population aging. Obviously, emigration of working-age adults fastens population aging especially in some Caribbean nations. These people migrate for career development or for money, so they tend not to have or have fewer children. There is also immigration of elderly retirees from other countries. Return migration of former emigrants who are above the average population age is common in some region. It is estimated that migration will have a more prominent role in population aging in the future, particularly in low-fertility countries with stable or declining population size. The effects of migration on population aging are usually stronger in smaller populations, because of higher relative weight of migrants in such populations.  [2]   Non-married women are less likely than non married men to have accumulated assets and pension wealth for use in older age.  [3]   We agree with the statement because we find some support from studies. In the table from Health and Retirement Study Wave 1(1992), it shows that the total wealth of non married men is $191,836 and the total wealth of non married women is $157,098. And a finding of the International Longevity Center-USA, it found that unemployment of women who are in the labor force: in 1993 the rate was 24% for women compared with 8% for men.(ILC-USA, 2002) The high rate of economic activity for older men may make low level of old-age pensions. Preparing financially for longer lives and finding ways to reduce aging-related disability should become national and global priorities.  [4]   As suggested in trend 6 to 9, it is true that population aging leads to great challenges and demands for changes and adjustments in policy making. Financial preparation and improvement in reducing aging-related disability are important as the large number of old population will definitely increase the burden of the economy as well as the social insurance system. However, in tackling aging problems, we consider other aspects as the same important as the two mentioned in the report. Firstly, increase fertility is fundamentally important to deal with aging population. As it is rather impossible to shorten people life expectancy and disallow people to migrate due to econ reason, increasing fertility rate seems to be the only feasible way to deal with aging population; in which subsidized child care and childcare leave are possible ways to increase fertility. Subsidized child care enables women to combine work and family. When comparing the levels of womens labor-force participation and family size country by country, Daly, an economist, found that in societies that made it easier for women to combine paid employment with children Sweden, for example the rate of womens employment and the birth rate were both high. Also, High employment rates for women would also help countries with aging populations cope with a shortage of workers  [5]  . Moreover, baby bonus and childcare leave can also boost fertility. Parents in those countries who can get more help from the government will have relatively high fertility rates. Consider the experience in France. Pregnant women has at least 16 weeks of mandatory, paid maternity leave, as well as guaranteed job security and get a monthly stipend of up to 1,000 euros for a year if she has the third child. The fertility rates of those countries which practice these policies for decades are approaching 2.1, roughly the point where a population can sustain itself without immigration  [6]  . Secondary, for the problem of elderly living alone, we think that consolidating the traditional value of Filial piety is rather important. In the table below, we can see most of older people are living with children or grandchildren in Asian country. However, older people who are living with children or grandchildren are three times more compared to Europe and North America. Asian country can have such result because they have strong value of Filial piety. Such as China, they have strong confusion value that adult children may think take care of the older parents is their responsibilities and they do not think living with elderly is burden. Because elderly not only is care receiver but also can be the care giver. Nevertheless, adjustments in policy that favorable to longer working life are also the way out. Population ageing is a burden of government in the sense that it increases the pension expenditure and decreases the supply of labor force. It may lower the economy growth of the country. For that reason, increase the pension age is a good suggestion to tackle the aging problem. Elderly also have their ability to work. We can see the example of Singapore. The Minister for Manpower in Singapore wants to encourage older workers to stay active: 1) to remain at work to pay for a more comfortable retirement 2) to ease financial strains on the government 3) to ease strains of reducing younger workforce. As a result, the retirement age in Singapore increased to 62, . According to preliminary results from Ministry of Manpowers comprehensive mid-year Labor Force Survey, the employment rate for older residents aged 55 to 64 in Singapore is 57.2%, said Gan Kim Yong, Minister for Manpower. Therefore, the employment rate for older men in Singapore has increased from 73.8% to 74.7% in 2008 to 2009. After increase the pension age, the supply of workforce will increase and the pension expenditure of government will decrease. Supplementary information As we know that, as other parts of the world, population aging becomes serious in recent decades in Hong Kong. We provide the below information about Hong Kongs welfare provision towards the elderly as supplement of the report in hope of that more people, including the government, can aware of the aging trend happened in our society and take active roles in planning our future. According to the social welfare department, there is about 60% of elderly who are receiving CSSA. It is a burden of Hong Kong economy. As the World Bank published the report Averting the Old-Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth. Therefore, the government provides some scheme to solve the problem. They are the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA), the Universal Retirement Protection Scheme and the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme (MPF) respectively. In the following, a slight discussion will be provided in comparing these social insurance schemes. Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) is the layer of social safety net. Nowadays, People seem to more relay on the safety net because we see the increasing tend on application. The value of Hong Kong people had changed, people try to fight for more welfare from the government. And people think that government had the responsibility to care of the elderly. So the government spending on CSSA is higher in these years and she need to concern. Universal Retirement Protection Scheme is a retirement fund that can cover the basic spending of the retirement life. In case of many poor elderly in Hong Kong, Legislative Council urges the Government to set up a sustainable universal retirement protection scheme, so that all senior citizens can enjoy financial security to maintain a basic standard of living immediately after retirement. proposed by Hon Lee Cheuk-yan. But this scheme may be a burden of Hong Kong government. Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes (MPF) is a financial security system to protect the working population in their retirement years. After the implementation of MPF, around 87% of the total employers are now covered under retirement schemes. However, it cannot solve the problem immediately because the scheme is only practice for a few years, the fund may not have enough financial support for the elderly and the cumulative of the fund highly depends on the employees salary and whether the investment program can receive a good return. Therefore it has limitations that may not be able to protect all people after retirement. Conclusion: To conclude, the nine trends suggested in the report are significant in the sense that a global perspective is useful for us to understand the challenges and opportunities brought by population aging. However, we think that both of the method of data collection and the content of the report are to general that may ignore many parts in illustrations. We argue some points mentioned in the report by providing more information regarding to the issue. Moreover, we think the views on population aging held in the report are a bit negative. Actually, older people have ability to contribute to the society by involving in social service. For example, Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) announced that there are more than 135,000 new volunteers in America last year. Last but not least, the report only pointed out the trends without many suggestions and solutions to the problems. It is hope that more international studies can be done to determine the best ways to address the situation before it is too late.