Family Diversity

Reasons being there has been an increase in divorce over the past 30 years. Also, the growing proportion of household that are composed of 1 person. 2) Allen & crow- identified 2 key points for single parent families. -increase in divorce -significant rise in the number of never married women. Beanpole families are long and thin. These are multi-generational families where there is more intergenerational contact (grandparents and grandchildren) than intergenerational contact (cousins). 1) Brannon- sees them as being like a beanpole. Reason for less intergenerational ties. Gig divorce rates causing breakdown of contact between extended families – falling fertility rates couples having less children, so there will be fewer relationships. Reason for more intergenerational ties. -grandparents live longer provide extra care e. G. (babysitting) 2) Grungy & Henrietta- uses the concept of ‘sandwich generation' to refer to women aged between 55 and 69 who offer assistance between their needy parents and their own children. Research shows a growing number of women will be in this position. An extended family contains kin beyond the family.This could be through vertical extensions with additional family members from a 3rd generation (grandparents) or horizontal extensions (wife's sister). 1) villains- showed how working class peoples live that lived in east London was still dominated by the values and traditions of extended kin. 2) McConnell- used survey findings and discovered that in the 1 ass's contact with relatives was still frequent. Extended family was an important source of support, for practical support such as helping with jobs. E. G. Times of illness and financial tasks. A reconstituted family is when families merge together and form a new Emily.For example a couple with children split up, the children remain with the mother who forms a new family with a new partner and who also has children. National statistics 2004, an estimated 10% of all famili es were reconstituted. 1) Smart – researched children experiencing co-parenting, found that children value having both parents in their lives. By moving from houses as a routine since young age. Some religious people are more likely to have children living with them than others. Religion can also influence the way that children are socialized in families.

Gary Barnett the Motivator essays

Gary Barnett the Motivator essays Gary Barnett changed Northwestern football when he arrived there in 1991. He put a mindset into the players and the school that they can overcome this and turn this program around. Gary brought enthusiasm to the team and made believers out of his players. He had calmness in the rough times giving the kids a reason not to panic if they just lost one game. In the 1995 season, Northwestern opened up the season beating Notre Dame at Notre Dame. Then the following they lost to a bad Miami (OH) team at home. That week Gary was distraught, but stayed calm and asked his team if they wanted to be the team that beat Notre Dame or the team that lost to Miami (OH). The reason he was such a good leader was because the kids believed in what Gary said. The team thought if they could trust him and have faith, they could do anything. Gary Barnett had many motivational techniques to get his players motivated. He thought you had to believe in yourself, to become successful. Gary made t-shirts that said Me to We. That was a way to tell his players that the only way they could win is if they believe in one another. One of his players wrote a paper on his motivational techniques. Northwestern has the lowest enrollment out of the whole Big Ten. They have an enrollment of only 7,500 kids. Where the University of Ohio State has about 31,000 kids. Gary didnt understand why kids didnt want to come, so it was his doing to change that. He did change that by telling his recruits that if you come to Northwestern that not only will you play football, but you will get a degree at a very good school. The kids realized that football doesnt last forever, but degree from Northwestern will be with you until the day you die. Darnell Autry and Tuscon Waterman decided to go to Northwestern for the education and not just to play football. They knew that with a degree from Northwestern they could get a job anywher ...

The History of Cartography

The History of Cartography Cartography is defined as the science and art of making maps or graphical representations/images showing spatial concepts at various scales. Maps convey geographic information about a place and can be useful in understanding topography, weather and culture depending upon the type of map.   Early forms of cartography were practiced on clay tablets and cave walls. As technology and exploration expanded maps were drawn on paper and depicted the areas that various explorers traveled. Today maps can show a plethora of information and the advent of technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows maps to be made relatively easily with computers. This article provides a summary of the history of cartography and map-making. References to in depth academic studies on the development of cartography are included at the end. Early Maps and Cartography Some of the earliest known maps date back to 16,500 B.C.E. and show the night sky instead of the Earth. In addition, ancient cave paintings and rock carvings depict landscape features like hills and mountains and archaeologists believe that these paintings were used to navigate the areas they showed and to portray the areas that the people visited.   Maps were also created in ancient Babylonia (mostly on clay tablets) and it is believed that they were drawn with very accurate surveying techniques. These maps showed topographical features like hills and valleys but also had labeled features. The Babylonian World Map is considered the earliest map of the world but it is unique because it is a symbolic representation of the Earth. It dates back to 600 B.C.E. The earliest paper maps that were identified by cartographers as maps used for navigation and to depict certain areas of the Earth were those created by the early Greeks. Anaximander was the first of the ancient Greeks to draw a map of the known world and as such he is considered to be one of the first cartographers. Hecataeus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy were other well-known Greek map makers. The maps they drew came from explorer observations and mathematical calculations.   The Greek maps are important to cartography because they often showed Greece as being at the center of the world and surrounded by an ocean. Other early Greek maps show the world being divided into two continents – Asia and Europe. These ideas came largely out of Homer’s works as well as other early Greek literature. Many Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical and this also influenced their cartography. Ptolemy, for instance, created maps by using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude to accurately show areas of the Earth as he knew it. This became the basis for today’s maps and his atlas Geographia is an early example of modern cartography. In addition to the ancient Greek maps, early examples of cartography also come out of China. These maps date to the 4th century B.C.E and were drawn on wooden blocks. Other early Chinese maps were produced on silk. Early Chinese maps from the Qin State show various territories with landscape features such as the Jialing River system as well as roads and are considered some of the world’s oldest economic maps (Wikipedia.org). Cartography continued to develop in China throughout its various dynasties and in 605 an early map using a grid system was created by Pei Ju of the Sui Dynasty. In 801 the Hai Nei Hua Yi Tu (Map of both Chinese and Barbarian Peoples within the (Four) Seas) was created by the Tang Dynasty to show China as well as its Central Asian colonies. The map was 30 feet (9.1 m) by 33 feet (10 m) and used a grid system with a highly accurate scale.   In 1579 the Guang Yutu atlas was produced and contained over 40 maps that used a grid system and showed major landmarks like roads and mountains as well as the borders of different political areas. 16th and 17th century Chinese maps continued to develop to clearly show regions under exploration. By the mid-20th century, China developed an Institute of Geography that was responsible for official cartography. It emphasized fieldwork in the production of maps focused on physical and economic geography. European Cartography Like Greece and China (as well as other areas throughout the rest of the world) the development of cartography was significant in Europe as well. Early medieval maps were mainly symbolic like those that came out of Greece. Beginning in the 13th century the Majorcan Cartographic School was developed and consisted of a Jewish collaboration of cartographers, cosmographers and navigators/navigational instrument makers. The Majorcan Cartographic School invented the Normal Portolan Chart – a nautical mile chart that used gridded compass lines for navigation.   Cartography developed further in Europe during the Age of Exploration as cartographers, merchants, and explorers created maps showing the new areas of the world that they visited. They also developed detailed nautical charts and maps that were used for navigation. In the 15th century, Nicholas Germanus invented the Donis map projection with equidistant parallels and meridians that converged toward the poles.   In the early 1500s, the first maps of the Americas were produced by the Spanish cartographer and explorer, Juan de la Cosa, who sailed with Christopher Columbus. In addition to maps of the Americas, he created some of the first maps that showed the Americas along with Africa and Eurasia. In 1527 Diogo Ribeiro, a Portuguese cartographer designed the first scientific world map called the Padron Real. This map was important because it very accurately showed the coasts of Central and South America and showed the extent of the Pacific Ocean.   In the mid-1500s Gerardus Mercator, a Flemish cartographer, invented the Mercator map projection. This projection was mathematically based and was one of the most accurate for world-wide navigation that was available at the time. The Mercator projection eventually became the most widely used map projection and was a standard taught in cartography. Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600’s and 1700’s further European exploration resulted in the creation of maps showing various parts of the world that had not been mapped before. In addition, cartographic techniques continued to grow in their accuracy. Modern Cartography Modern cartography began as various technological advancements were made. The invention of tools like the compass, telescope, the sextant, quadrant and printing press all allowed for maps to be made more easily and accurately. New technologies also led to the development of different map projections that more precisely showed the world. For example, in 1772 the Lambert conformal conic was created and in 1805 the Albers equal area-conic projection was developed. In the 17th and 18th centuries the United States Geological Survey and the National Geodetic survey used new tools to map trails and survey government lands. In the 20th century, the use of planes to take aerial photographs changed the types of data that could be used to create maps. Satellite imagery has since been added to the list of data and can aid in showing large areas in great detail. Finally, Geographic Information Systems or GIS, is a relatively new technology that is changing cartography today because it allows for many different types of maps using various types of data to be easily created and manipulated with computers.

Analysing Critiques of globalisation

Analysing Critiques of globalisation â€Å"Critiques of globalisation argue that as a result of failures to deal with risks to international stability, the basis of global order has been at risk and political and economic disorder like that that followed the collapse of 19th century globalisation may not look impossible. â€Å"Do you agree? Globalization is the background of the present world. Our economic, political and the social status in the second decade of the twenty first century would not have been possible without considering the global context of free markets and the information technology. Many scholars have defined globalization viewed through lens of different perspectives towards the world. Blackmore (2000) defines globalization as, â€Å"increased economic, cultural, environmental, and social interdependencies and new transnational financial and political formations arising out of the mobility of capital, labour, and information, with both homogenizing and differentiating tendencies†, (Blackmore , 2000, p.133); while Hill (2009), puts more emphasis on the economic, asserts, â€Å"globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy†, (Hill, 2009, p.6). This paper will briefly describe the history of glabalization followed with a review of the two phases of globalization in the nineteenth and the twentieth century where in one phase was seen prosperous while the other was the end of globalization. Subsequently, laying out the current situation whether or not it is parallel to the failures of globalization. Drawing upon an opinion thereby, on the same, alongwith rational elucidations. Critiques have argued that globalization is not something that happened 200 years ago, it can be traced back to the 16th century during the emergence of the pinnacle of capitalism (Robertson, 1997). According to Friedman (2005), globalization can be viewed in three phases: globalization phase one (1492- 1800) was the globalization of countries, globa lization 2 (1800-2000) was the globalization of companies and globalization 3 (2000 till now) is the globalization of people. However, Broadberry and O’Rourke (2010) state that the period between 1870 to 1914 reflected as the high water mark of the nineteenth century globalization. Globalization in the nineteenth century encompasses interregional transfers of goods, people and capital. The preeminent way to measure the levels of integration is the rising amounts of international flows of economic activity for e.g. the ratio of comodity trade to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), number of people migrated to total population and the cost of moving goods across continents. European international trade was growing at a 4.1% a year between this period (Bordo et al., 1999) while the global output rising from 10% in 1870 to about 20% in 1914. This was the first phase of globalization which was accompanied with extraordinary prosperity. Countries who were involved in the global markets d uring this phase had narrowed the gap between wealthy and poor nations. Japan, for e.g., in the seventeenth century had completely cut off itself from the world permitting only one Dutch ship a year to land and involved in small amount of trade. In 1870, Japan was a a backward country where the average income of a person was less than a quarter of that in the United Kingdom (U.K.). However, as a result of fully involving in the global market in 1868, Japan’s income was able to increase at 1.5% compared to 1% of growth rate for U.K. (Mishkin, 2006). Countries like China and India were deprived of the industrial capability as they were not able to enter the global economic system.

Buddha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddha - Essay Example Daily meditations for example when practiced with sincerity impacts on the life and outlook. The attributes are various texts that are recognized by different sects within the Buddhists. Some of the last cannon attributes contain largely the eight-fold path, which starts from the right view of things, right intention, right speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. The beliefs can be categorized largely into three, which is wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline, therefore, the eight attributes above fall under the three main subjects accordingly. In the formulation of Buddha for the national identity reveals itself though due to the series of changes in the forms of Buddha it may be hard to see a national image. From the beginning, the Buddhists would be identified by the meditation and observance of the moral precepts as a foundation for their practice. As a nationality, they observed and could be identified by the five basic moral precepts; which were largely undertaken by monastic older and the laity. They were to refrain from taking out someone’s life, stealing and acting in the weirdest manner. As a nation and members of Monastic, they were advised not to eat at an inappropriate time, they were not to view secular entertainment and still they had to stay away from using garlands, perfumes, and other bodily ointments. This practices and doctrines strengthened the form of the Buddha and made them one nation. This has though changed, as the society tends to adopt a lot of liberty. (Sullivan 278). The images of the Buddha for example in most of the cases will mean the awakened one and this is not represented in one image. The images seen in the west for example represents a fat and happy Buddha. This symbolizes Buddha’s latest life, as he was happy and travelling throughout the northern India and instructing disciples to act in the same manner and spread the same gospel across the divide. In southeast India, Bud dha’

Questions on Hans Selye's Stress Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Questions on Hans Selye's Stress Theory - Essay Example If situations are supposed by the human being as traumatic, then this assessment will set in action a chain of stress-impacts mechanisms comprised of integrated behavioral and physiological, hard work to get used to the environmental hassle (Van, 2004). Stress is the unpleasant response people have to extreme pressures or other types of challenge located on them. There is an apparent dissimilarity between stress, which can generate a buzz and be an inspiring issue, and stress, which can happen when this stress becomes extreme (Unamaka, 1995). Causes of stress According to Hans Selye's Stress Theory, workplace stress is tough to pact with at the optimum of era, but when joblessness is elevated, redundancies are ordinary and struggle for promotions is so ferocious it’s terrifying, workplace stress steps go all the way through the roof. The difficulty with workplace stress is that it is habitually tough to recognize other than a universal emotion of stressful life at work (Taffinder, 2006). Being Overworked This is possibly the most clear of all the stress factors. If one has too a good deal work to do, scarce time to do it in, and awkward stress on one to meet those deadlines, yet the most competent worker is going to sense the intensity. Being Underworked Not common as a clear stress feature, but in the existing situation where redundancies are still being completed, no one needs to be viewed to be shaking their thumbs and being paid to do zilch on the organization moment. This is particularly solid if you have no jurisdiction over your workflow (Stankard, 2002). Job Security Situations have been hazy for more than 50 years and job safety does not really survive any longer. Although, in an economic recession when workers are laid off and hiring are not, the stress of not getting job safety can be gravely overstated. Job Succession There is nobody who wishes to linger constant position, on equal salary for an unlimited time, however, numerous skills are at the present stifled by bazaar in which there exist no employment or endorsement is being completed. Even though, you might have a occupation, not being capable to obtain to your subsequently phase can make you deem bored and fascinated, which can be stressful. The Incorrect Job When one discovers that he is in an occupation that you have inadequate skills to deal with, you will feel like one who is plummeting from the start.   When you cannot ask for guidance since one does not desire to confess one is not the right candidate for the job the stress increases to open up (Ralph, 1981). Guilt Traditions The unlucky result of a being short of job safety is that no one needs to attach their head above the ramparts and confess to mistakes in a situation that it can cost them their work. Unluckily, in this type of traditions, if one cannot confess to mistakes that one is improbable to evolution and be trained. In addition, when it comes to indicative the reason of issues that have arisen can create an ambiance of terror and wariness that is extremely stressful to job in everyday situations. Bad Management Being deficient in durable and successful organization can make a team wandering and persons in a situation of muddle puzzlement that is awfully stressful. On the contrary, over-management and small administration are claustrophobically stressful for personnel and put down no space for originality or enlargement. Harassment One might believe that when you leave suddenly the playing field bullying becomes a thing of the

Privatization of Juvenile Facilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Privatization of Juvenile Facilities - Essay Example This represented over 30,000 juvenile offenders (Bayer, & Pozen, 2003). In 1974, Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act which encouraged the community to develop reasonable alternatives to incarceration. This request saw the adoption of privatization as an appropriate mechanism that could be used for deinstitutionalization. As a result, by 1990, nearly 90 % of states had a minimum of one contract with a private corporation that was non profit. On the other hand, 60% of states had a minimum of one contract with a private corporation for profit to operate a facility for juveniles. Due to the overcrowding experienced in prisons, high costs of operating prisons, and the high cost of building new prisons, many states find privatization a viable option. The issue of privatization of juvenile facilities raises certain important issues. If a state were to privatize its juvenile facilities, which component of the facilities will be most effectively privatized? Suc h that the negative impact of privatization is minimized. Armstrong (2001) notes that the government or the state must retain and continue funding the costs that are associated with incarceration of the delinquents. The private corporation on the other hand, should take care of the programmatic and custodial managerial services. This is an effective approach as it allows the private sector to handle issues that are less sensitive. The state continues to meet the direct costs of incarcerated delinquents. This way the incarcerated juveniles will be able to access critical services like educational programming and quality nutrition. Many of the private corporations are out to make profits. Privatization of the costs of incarceration of the delinquents will see incarcerated delinquents being deprived of essential services as observed in the Oklahoma example. The Office of Juvenile Affairs contracted a for- profit private corporation. This contract was terminated in the year 2002 after c oncerns were raised about the operations of the juvenile facility. The contract was also terminated in an effort to cut down the budget of the Office of Juvenile Affairs. The OCCY (Oklahoma Commission on Children and Youth) raised concerns about the absence of educational programs and proper nutrition for the juveniles (Office of Juvenile Affairs, 2010). The state stands a better chance to effectively manage juvenile facilities. This is because the state is a non profit organization that will emphasize on delivering the essential services to the incarcerated juveniles as opposed to maintaining the bottom line and cutting costs at the detriment of the incarcerated juveniles. Today, it is a fact that many states consider privatization of juvenile facilities a viable option. Despite the negative aspects closely associated with privatization of these facilities, states continue to privatize the facilities in an effort to reduce overcrowding and minimize operation costs. What can then be done to ensure that the interests of the public are preserved by the privatized juvenile facilities? One good and effective approach is the setting up of a state agency mandated with the constant evaluation and monitoring of state juvenile facilities and the juvenile programs. These agencies will have the ability to conduct random visits to the privatized juvenile facilities and assess conditions of the facilities and state of juveniles and staff. In this way,